nI redro fro a udrg to be edalecr yb eth ie,dnyk ti sumt tisrf eb ldrfteei ni het loe.mlurgi uDgsr ihwt a ihgh DV veha oemr fo teh ugrd in het stusei taht rea nto aiveblala to etlerdfi yb eth yndk.ie sgrDu hitw gihh peitnro igbindn 'tnwo be iedlfert .ehrtie So uyo anwt a udgr wtih wlo dV dna owl idginbn fi ouy atwn it aleecrd iav hte ydniesk dna ruein.

apK si Hp at hchiw yan gudr is at tsi %50 ndeozii atest.

owN we rae lak inure e.i cin H.p hnwe Hgta;pp&K ti wlil evah wot fdif athp rfo cadici gdru ;pm&a iscab dr.ug

cdAcii rudg lwil nic ist amnonliieit cni( znioeid ,fmro) bcsia dugr ilwl be orem dosbesaro b. we ened ot nkow teh urgd si isbac aidc/.ci

wNo if u kal rneui its ietinamonli c.in os it evha to be .diccai or u nac nkwo sti a oisd lsat of gdur twhi CNS rpoptyre .ie msto lkei bliathearPbon W(aek idac)

so fi Kap fo dugr is -a-t6- pH 7 ew ilwl tatrs nlnieiimatg

but if pKa is 0 ew dene to rasei pH fo reiun ta 11 ot atrts n.iealgaimttin htta inpto ervp urgd K=)pa(6 odluw eb aolttyl uto of sm.stye

astth wyh A is eth tihgr nsa apK( = )6

fI oyu atwn ot crlae a ,rugd ti si aylrpobb bste hatt ti ont eb nuobd to eponrsit s(o hatt it steg dt)leifre nad it sah a lwo evomlu fo utiisnoidtrb s(o ti i'nts ni eht pee,d rdha ot chrae u.etsss)i

latrhgi stel od hits. soem of teh ectnomms weer ayelrl llwe neapex,dil eovwerh mi gogni to yrt ranheot eturo. etls dael whti paK eisnc the hotre mntmeocs nilpeaexad dV lelw nghuo.e duoks lsf.laeoefl/ls

itrfs tihng si you eavh ot erimentde fi tis an daci or ea.sb 9%0 of eth ietm tis iggno ot be a ewak cdia, ew pismel tond reamolutf cuhm nasoemidtic as ebssa in .ernegal asol its duoism tals nda SCN so ouy wnok ti sha ot be .leiabprnoahtb setp )(1 olw aKp asmne daic -4)7(. yuo smtu nkow tshi. )2( uoy umts know that lla dicas rttas fof talunre dna nteh sole an nio ;&-gt- gncebiom recga.dh dan lla esabs artts ffo hadergc nda enth sole na ion ot mcoeeb anuertl stih( si yhw ew dont eus sibca dgsur eecbsau ihst taenrlu hgcrea hsa a hhgi vd dan soseptdi ni stisues = adb ni el)l.eyrd uoy ntwa grhedca cb tshta hawt si idpchlihryo aka eep ti t.uo )3( next sue thaw i jsutj iads dan pylap ti ot thsi ratch:

+2 = %99

1+ = %90

1- = %10

2- = 1%

het sfrti ubemnr eetrpssenr hte rdnfeeeifc eenwteb pH nad apK a(pK si gienv yb the etnuisoq s,)laywa Hp is hatw uyo agnhcde ehnw uyo zaaklediln hte e.irnu os rfo ihst tqonusei it dluwo eb: Hap-pK = hhig siacb alvue 7;g(t&) minus pka ( wkae icda 4)7.-

own het nscoed rpgtecneae eesestrprn the peneagcret of dtscoiedias o.norpt os rfo na da,ic yteh wlli obecme dca,hrge sith nmaes ttah fi teh encdefifer bnetwee eth hp dna Kpa si evro +1 neth %09 fo the cdia lilw og rmfo teluarn to agder.ch if hte ph si 2+ rarteeg nhat AKp tnhe %99 of the adci iwll hvea stlo tsi trpnoo nad ecbmeo drchaeg

elts uzmeiamrs tis:h rewe dtol tsi a akew iacd = kaa pKa tbweeen -4.7 ew tanw ot etg to taek eht eakw cdia mfor sti tlreuna rmfo tion a dhrceag fmor to teg dri fo t.i so we anlaiklzae hte nuri,e saeuceb abses rae hiegrh pH you lilw etg a roem + numebr sthu the ewak acdi illw og morf ltunare ot grcdhea and be rdetx.eec

I saw nnoeirdwg fi it swa ot awlol orf laaript CNS teaterionnp neisc eth urdg si sdyspeulop esduopps to veah CNS teecff

rof ewka pspk aid=cHa + olg AA(-)(/H) kaa eshnrendo scblaaehsh neqa uofiit yuo slveo tsi,h uyl'lo teg ttha pH - pka = AAd-o)Ha/ln g(() tneh ignaa you illw egt 10 to wopre hp - kap = -H.AA/ [fRere ot ilnk ni mn cmwost]noe nidgnsocier tath eth ph of our obyd is .73 ngmth,osew ie cna olesv rfo pak 01 nad kpa 6 sniug sthi htfoulm.Taar is rfo apk 6 and obyd ph .37, it illw eb 10 to the worpe of 3,1. wuldo enma atth H/AA taori is a ivseiopt rmebu,n ypiimlng thta A- g&t; .AH wea eshr fro hnwe pak si ,01 teh H-/AA onatri si 10 ot wpoer of -2.7, iegnnma that &HAAg;-.t

nAd sa yaardel tnedmenio ni het obeva osenm,tmc we dene na coiinc ,fmro ot inetaemli eth ugd,r it owuld eb efdrrpree if eht kap si 6 sa ni htta ae,sc n(oAci)i- lwodu eb in omre rcnotoe.naitcn

so tahw fi stih aws indserev rweeh the gudr ni oqutnesi aws a abse dan htta rineu was dfii.acidie kown the Kpa dolwu deen to be &tg7; btu whta outba hte Hp

mtomce[n ovdem ot mmestocun]b