RIPE: Rifampin, Isoniazid (INH), Pyrazinamide, Ethanbutol.
RIPE treats TB.
Side Effects:
How would we rule out antithrombin deficiency?
How would we rule out antithrombin deficiency?
She has many cardiovascular risk factors and likely suffered a stroke of the basilar artery causing locked in syndrome. According to FA this can cause a lesion at the pons, medullar, or lower midbrain -- however anatomically the basilar artery runs right on top of the pons so proximity most likely makes it the right answer.
The question stem mentions 3 subsets of patients: a) Some patients were inconsistent with taking medication or "not adherent" to medication regimen b) Some patients discontinued the drug they were randomized to completely c) A subset of these patients in point 'b', who stopped the medication were then prescribe the medication from the comparison group.
The ultimate question however is regarding whether patients under point 'a'(as above) should be included or excluded.
Ideally this depends upon your study protocol. In essence you may have an 'Intention to treat protocol' or an 'Adherent protocol'. As part of an adherent protocol you only include patients or study subjects (as referred to in basic science research) you only include those patients that strictly followed the protocol and exclude everyone else. This is mostly how basic science protocols are designed.
With clinical research however being completely per protocol is difficult and that's where the intention-to-treat protocol apples. This is to accommodate the subjective nature of human subjects in clinical research. Following up with human subjects is but obvious harder than manually handling mice or pigs in the lab. So in such cases as long as the study team has followed protocol in contacting the patient and playing their role all patient data can be included even if there are some minor protocol deviations due to logistical issues. All these deviations need to be reported to the IRB ofcourse and specified in the manuscript in the most appropriate manner.
surprisingly, I actually learned this from the Magic School Bus when I was a kid. That's the only reason I got this right. Thanks Ms. Frizzle! :D
This is a good explanation video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScoSEeZJE08
This is ridiculous but I could never keep these straight so
meet my family:
Achey grandpa Meynert
Dope cousin VT with a side Ho* (who's names are just initials) SNc
Uncle and aunt Raphe and sara
Cousin Gabby always screaming Na-Na-Na
norepi reminds me of the color blue, so locus ceruleus
Cancers of the pelvis, including the prostate, spread to the lumbosacral spine via the vertebral venous plexus (VVP).
The VVP communicates with a number of venous networks, including the prostatic venous plexus, which receives the venous supply from the prostate, penis, and bladder.
VVP runs up the entire spinal column and connects with the venous supply of the brain via a valveless system (Batsonโs Plexus) which allows for bidirectional flow and regulation of intracranial pressure.This venous connection to the cerebral circulation may help explain the propensity of tumors to metastasize to the brain.
The VVP also communicates with the azygos vein in the chest, which explains in part why breast and lung cancers frequently metastasize to the thoracic spine.
Although lymph nodes are the most common sites of metastasis in general, lymphatic spread to the skeletal system is very rare.
The pampiniform plexus receives venous drainage from the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens and drains into the testicular veins.
As an IMG comes from a non-english country, I hate this kind of question :(
@frimmy_11 Why would protein break down after only 20 hours? Shouldnโt fat be the major contributor now? Also if protein is being used, then why isnโt valine the choice? Itโs also glucogenic.
just as a general question, would there be low levels of 1 25-(OH)2 ?
Can anyone help explain what the other options would entail?