Welcome to cbrodoโs page.
Contributor score: 77
Comments ...
leemax
dantrolene-moa-sarcoplasmic Ca release
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fatboyslim
Note that succinylcholine can cause malignant hyperthermia but it is not an anesthetic, it's a neuromuscular blocking agent (paralytic) that may be used during anesthesia induction. Inhaled anesthetics (e.g. halothane) is what the question was referring to and they can also cause malignant hyperthermia.
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kai
kick Goals (gracilis) with your feet
Cook and eat (cuneatus) with your hands
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temmy
i remember gracilis is for legs by saying i have graciously long legs and they are inside while arms can spread out to remember their orientation on the spinal cord
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jess123
I remember it as gracilis = grass so feet haha
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link981
Just to add found on page 492 on FA 2018.
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cat5280
Could someone please explain why you were able to eliminate the spinocerebellar tracts?
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drzed
Lmao I remember gracilis because of the gracilis muscle in the legs!
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alexxxx30
cat5280...so spinocerebellar tract does 4 things to know
1. proprioception in the Romberg test
2. intention tremor if damaged
3. shin to knee test
4. dysdiadochokinesia (being able to rapidly pronate/supinate the upper extremity)
yes the patient has proprioception issues, but the other symptom of vibration loss points us more to a fasciculus gracilis issue. If the patient had presented with proprioception and and intention tremor then we would think spinocerebellar
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alexxxx30
adding to my comment^ I would commit these 4 things to memory as I have gotten several questions concerning this topic (there were 2 questions on this exam where spinocerebellar tracts are involved). Memorize them and it might get you 1-2 extra points!
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solidshake
Just to clarify a point, Spinocerebellar tracts are not tested by the Romberg Test. Romberg tests conscious proprioception that is done by the dorsal columns. Spinocerebellar tracts are used for Unconscious proprioception. Look up tabes dorsalis in First Aid. One of the positive indicators is a positive romberg test, which shows that the dorsal columns have been damaged thus affecting conscious proprioception and thus impaired balanced on standing with the eyes closed
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Subcomments ...
cbrodo
@fulminant_life because the mean age is 3.8 with a standard deviation of 1.8. An age of onset of 9 years is nearly 3 standard deviations above the mean. Therefore, since we know +/- 2 SD covers 95% of the bell curve, it must be higher than that. The only option higher than 95% is 99%.
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charcot_bouchard
Yes 9.2 was the upper limit for 99% CI. I picked 95 first because i thought 2.5% would be out of this range. But changed ans because it should be less than 2.5% because 9.2 is so close to 9. Also they are asking CLOSEST to which of the following?
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aakb
I see what you are saying but you have to remember to add the things on the right side to include all the values under 9. So even if you go with the 2 standard deviations for 95%, youd have to add 2.5% that's on the left. which would be 97.5 and you know you would still add more on the left to get to 9 years of age so it would have to be closer to 99% than to 95%. hope that helps
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mousie
The Boards and Beyond video of SC strokes was really helpful at explaining this if you are a video kind of person!
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yotsubato
What pushed me away from pons was "dysarthric speech" which implied she still could speak to some degree.... which made me pick medulla.
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mimi21
I think FA may be misleading. Primarily it will effect the Pons because that is where the majority of the Basilar Artery is located. and I guess it could effect the other locations? but everywhere I have looked Locked-in syndrome is an issue with the Pons. But someone please continue to clarify, cause I was a bit tripped up at first with this question
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cbrodo
Although FA says it can be pons, medulla, or lower midbrain, "locked-in" syndrome generally arises from BL pons lesions. Another way you can rule out medulla and midbrain in this question is the ocular movement findings. Since the patient has impaired horizontal gaze BL, you can conclude that the Abducens nuclei are involved on both sides. The abducens nuclei are located in the pons.
+48
gh889
USMLE secrets also states that it is most commonly in the pons
Bates states that locked-in syndrome preserves consciousness but these patients have limited speaking ability
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skonys
I approach all of these by the rule of 4 method with the 4 midline CN nuclei being multiples of 12. CN 3,4,6,12.
Midbrain= PCA (3 & 4)
Pons = AICA (5,7,8) & Basilar (6)
Medulla = PICA (9,10,11) & ASA (12)
Dysphagia, hoarseness, and absent gag reflex? Must be CN X therefore PICA stroke therefore Lateral Medulla (Wallenberg)
Whole Face Paralysis? Must be CN VII therefore AICA thus Lateral Pontine.
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fatboyslim
@cbrodo Yes. Also, vertical eye movement is preserved because the vertical gaze center is in the midbrain, while the horizontal gaze center is in the pons.
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sd22
Locked in syndrome also happens 2/2 to central pontine myelinolysis. Another reminder that, although she has a separate etiology, the location of the lesion is still in the pons.
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Renal damage from PKD can ultimately cause chronic renal insufficiency. This impairs the ability of the kidney to excrete phosphorus and reabsorb HCO3. Elevated phosphate levels in the blood triggers release of FGF-23 from bone, which lowers vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption in the intestine. The resulting hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia will lead to an increase in the secretion of PTH.