Thymic output of T cell repertoire during the growing phases is vital, but it becomes unnecessary for repertoire maintenance during adulthood. This happens because the T cell regeneration in adulthood is almost entirely derived from homeostatic proliferation of the EXISTING T cell pool, which is sufficient to maintain a large compartment of naive CD4 T cells. Thymic T cell generation can add new naive T cells and enrich diversity, while homeostatic T cell proliferation can sustain the richness of the TCR repertoire already created. This means that the Thymic lymphocytes produced before thymectomy are long-lived naive T cells, which are maintained stable in quantity thanks to Homeostatic proliferation in adulthood.
The key point was ''sphincteric incompetence''. Stimulation of B3 adrenoreceptors will work if it was overreactive bladder, where detrusor muscle is over activated. This patient's main problem was sphincteric incompetence, so relaxing the bladder wouldn't solve the problem. I think of it as if you should try to close the door, so there are two doors, internal (sympathetic) and external (somatic, pudendal). In stress incontinence, the external door is not working, probably due to pudendal nerve injury after vaginal delivery or obesity. So you should try to close the remaining door, the internal sphincter which contracts with Alpha 1 adrenergic stimulation.
Pt. has Familial dyslipidemias. Type I—Hyperchylomicronemia.
Question asks about the cause of the enlargement of Lymph nodes .. Lymph node Paracortex enlarges in an extreme cellular immune response (paracortical hyperplasia) against virus infected cells (FA20.Pag 96.) T cells regulate cell- mediate immunity ... CD4 T cells specifically is the DIRECT Cell Immunne response. CD8 T cell is cytotoxic.
As stated below, the Left crus cerebri was damaged (see what it should normally look like below). This contains the corticospinal tract. Since the corticospinal tract decusates at the medulla, below the midbrain section we're looking at, you would see Contralateral (Right) Spastic Hemiparesis
Thymic output of T cell repertoire during the growing phases is vital, but it becomes unnecessary for repertoire maintenance during adulthood. This happens because the T cell regeneration in adulthood is almost entirely derived from homeostatic proliferation of the EXISTING T cell pool, which is sufficient to maintain a large compartment of naive CD4 T cells. Thymic T cell generation can add new naive T cells and enrich diversity, while homeostatic T cell proliferation can sustain the richness of the TCR repertoire already created. This means that the Thymic lymphocytes produced before thymectomy are long-lived naive T cells, which are maintained stable in quantity thanks to Homeostatic proliferation in adulthood.
That's a new one....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_spleen
For all the ~math~ people out here:
CI = mean + Z(SE)
For a 95% CI, Z = 1.96. For a 99% CI, Z = 2.58.
The CI is +3/-3 from the mean, so 3 = 1.96(SE) with the 95% CI. Solve for SE (which doesn't change if you change the CI), which comes out to about 1.53.
Now switch up the Z value for the 99% CI, with the SE you just calculated. CI = 2.58 * 1.53 = 3.95. Add this to both sides of the mean (113), and you get the answer!
Phenotype- male; genotype- female
I could think 2 causes 1. Placental aromatase defc 2. CAH (21 OH defc)
1 isn’t an option.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5957557/
The first slide
I literally just realized why this question confused me so much (and I've tried to figure it out a couple of times, lol). I let the colloquial definition of bulimia (i.e. vomiting) stick in my mind, that I forgot the actual medical definition = normal BMI (>18) + binge eating and purging (where purging could be induced vomiting or diuretic use or laxative use or/and excessive exercise). So really, what this question was asking is simply what is the electrolyte balance of excessive diarrhea? GEEZ! I made it so much harder in my head when trying to answer it originally.
Diarrhea causes non-anion gap (i.e. hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis. Stool predominantly contains HCO3- and K+, so excessive diarrhea = excessive loss of HCO3- and K+. Chloride levels in the serum will be increased due to the normal HCO3-/Cl- equilibrium, so as negative charge dissipates due to loss of HCO3-, Cl- will increase correcting the anion-gap.
Biggest clue was that there was no time frame given. Therefore, this seems to be a "slice in time" study, which lines up with cross sectional study.
Hypocalcemia can present with muscular twitching and spams, might cause tetany, and in severe cases lead to seizures like happened in this patient.
This question can be confusing mainly because whenever u think of seizure or neurologic manifestation, you think of Sodium, but the key here is the 1 MONTH history of episodes of pins-and-needles with involuntary contraction of muscles. Also you can rule out Potassium, because although it can cause muscle cramps, spasms and weakness, it leads to cardiac abnormalities (arrhythmias).